유럽헌법학회

Needs for effective and prompt actions in public administration of contemporary nations call for almost inevitably diversified and specialized managements in the form of committee system. It is frequently employed by many nations, more prominently in the field of science and technology. Second half of the 20th century saw to it that science drove the flow of the national economy, culminating in intensive developments including international standardization in various fields. Above all, the constitutional basis for this was established finally. and the National Science and Technology Advisory Council Act was enacted in 1991 to provide advice on innovation in science and technology. With the institutional framework on this matter being established, for instance, in the event of infectious diseases such as the coronavirus comes infectious, expert scientific opinion is required mandatory prior to the government's policy formulation and execution. By now the ptactice is solid, and the advices and technical opinions in almost all cases are formed by way of committees. In France, in order to maintain public health in general and respond to crises such as the recent pandemic like Corvid-19, the Ministry of Health is responsible for healthcare policy formulation, execution of it, and let alone research and development. The last part, R&D is shared by an independent administrative agency, the Higher Health Agency, along with various technical institutes and networks of healthcare professionals. In particular in view of the gravity of the Corvid-19 problem the government established a temporary organization on top of the 120-year-old Higher Committee on Public Health and the National Ethics Advisory Committee, which deals with ethical issues and other existing committees. These organizations seek and strive for transparency and fairness in their activities through committee composition, disclosure of committee activities, oaths of professional ethics of members, and ensuring citizen participation.